Chios is the fifth-largest island of Greece. Located in the Northeastern Aegean, it lies very close to the Asia Minor coast, with the shortest distance being just 3.5 miles. The town of Chios and its villages have a population of 50,361 (2021 census). Many shipowners born in Chios Island live in major maritime centers such as London and New York.
Chios has been inhabited since antiquity and became one of the important cities of the ancient world, with a population of 60–80,000 and a strong naval presence. It was famous in antiquity for its excellent wine. The island remained under Byzantine rule for many centuries. In the 14th century, it was conquered by the Genoese, who granted the inhabitants certain privileges and religious freedom. The Genoese were particularly interested in the profits from the trade of mastic and built the fortified Mastihohoria (Mastic Villages) to protect them from pirates.
During the Ottoman period, Chios retained relative autonomy thanks to mastic. The island was liberated in 1912 after the Balkan Wars.
On Chios, one of the most picturesque and historic islands of the Aegean, grows a unique natural treasure: the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia). Found exclusively in the southern part of the island, these trees produce the famous mastic resin, known as the “tear of Chios,” valued for centuries for its culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic properties.
The exceptional quality of Chios mastic is due to the unique microclimate and soil of the Mastihohoria. Although mastic trees grow in other Mediterranean regions, only in southern Chios do they yield resin of such high quality.
The harvesting process is time-consuming and requires precision. In July, growers make small incisions in the trees, allowing the aromatic resin to drip, dry into drops, and be carefully collected. This centuries-old practice has supported the prosperity of villages such as Pyrgi, Vessa, and Lithi.
Since 1997, Chios mastic has been recognized as a product of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and enjoys worldwide acclaim. The Chios Gum Mastic Growers Association manages its distribution nationally and internationally. Scientific studies confirm its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties.
Mastic has played a vital role in the island’s history. In antiquity, it was used as a fragrance and medicine. During Byzantine and Ottoman times, it was so precious that stealing mastic trees was punishable by death. The Chios Mastic Museum offers visitors a comprehensive view of its history, production, and uses, showcasing this unique treasure that continues to inspire and sustain the local community. Despite challenges such as climate change and fewer young farmers, Chios strives to preserve this tradition through educational and tourism programs.
